Angel
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Getting Started
Getting Started
In this first guide, we will:
- Download the
angel_frameworkpackage from Pub. - Launch an
AngelHttpserver. - Add some basic routes to an app.
- Add a 404 error handler.
The source code for this example can be found here:
First Steps
This tutorial relies on the terminal/command-line, so if are not well-versed in using such tools, you should copy/paste the snippets found on this page.
If you have not yet installed the Dart SDK, then it is required that you do so before continuing:
In addition, the
curl tool will be used to send requests to our server:Also, you will need to have the Dart SDK in your
PATH environment variable, so that the dart and pub executables can be found from your command line:Finally, note that some steps will mention Unix-specific programs, like
nano. Windows users should instead use Notepad. Alternative programs will be mentioned where relevant.Project Setup
The first thing we'll need to do is create a new directory (folder) for our project.
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mkdir hello_angel
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cd hello_angel
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Next, we create a
pubspec.yaml file, and enter the following contents:1
name: hello_angel
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dependencies:
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angel_framework: ^2.0.0
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Now, just run
pub get, which will install the angel_framework library, and its dependencies:1
Resolving dependencies... (3.3s)
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+ angel_container 1.0.0
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+ angel_framework 2.0.0
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+ angel_http_exception 1.0.0+3
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(... more output omitted)
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Changed 33 dependencies!
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Launching an HTTP Server
Angel can speak different protocols, but more often than not, we'll want it to speak HTTP.
Create a directory named
bin, and a file within bin named main.dart.Your folder structure should now look like this:
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hello_angel
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bin/
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main.dart
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pubspec.yaml
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Add the following to
bin/main.dart:1
import 'package:angel_framework/angel_framework.dart';
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import 'package:angel_framework/http.dart';
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​
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main() async {
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var app = Angel();
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var http = AngelHttp(app);
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await http.startServer('localhost', 3000);
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}
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Next, in your terminal, run the command
dart bin/main.dart. Your server will now be running, and will listen for input until you kill it by entering Control-C (the SIGINT signal) into the terminal.Open a new terminal window, and type the following:
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curl localhost:3000 && echo
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You'll just see a blank line, but the fact that you didn't see an error means that the server is indeed listening at port
3000.Adding a Route
By adding routes to our server, we can respond to requests sent to different URL's.
Let's a handler at the root of our server, and print a simple
Hello, world! message.From this point, all new code needs to be added before the call to
http.startServer (or else it will never run).Add this code to your program:
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app.get('/', (req, res) => res.write('Hello, world!'));
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bin/main.dart should now look like the following:1
import 'package:angel_framework/angel_framework.dart';
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import 'package:angel_framework/http.dart';
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​
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main() async {
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var app = Angel();
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var http = AngelHttp(app);
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app.get('/', (req, res) => res.write('Hello, world!'));
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await http.startServer('localhost', 3000);
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}
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(Note that this is the last time the entire file will be pasted, for the sake of brevity.)
Now, if you rerun
curl localhost:3000 && echo, you'll see the message Hello, world! printed to your terminal!Route Handlers
Let's break down the line we just added:
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app.get('/', (req, res) => res.write('Hello, world!'));
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It consists of the following components:
- A call to
app.get - A string,
'/', - A closure, taking two parameters:
reqandres - The call
res.write('Hello, world!'), which isalso the return value of the aforementioned closure.
Angel.get is one of several methods (addRoute, post, patch, delete, head, get) that can be used to add routes that correspond to HTTP methods to an Angel server instance.Combined with the path,
'/', this signifies that whenever a request is sent to the root of our server, which in this case is the URL http://localhost:3000, the attached closure should be invoked.The path is important because it defines the conditions under which code should run. For example, if we were to visit
http://localhost:3000/foo, we'd just see a blank line printed again, because there is no route mounted corresponding to the path '/foo'.The two parameters,
req and res, hold the types RequestContext and ResponseContext, respectively. We'll briefly cover these in the next section.Finally, we call
res.write, which, as you may have surmised, prints a value to the outgoing HTTP response. That's how we are able to print Hello, world!.Printing Headers
Just as their names suggest, the
RequestContext and ResponseContext classes are abstractions used to read and write data on the Web.1
app.get('/headers', (req, res) {
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req.headers.forEach((key, values) {
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res.write('$key=$values');
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res.writeln();
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});
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});
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Run the following:
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curl -H 'X-Foo: bar' -H 'Accept-Language: en-US' \
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http://localhost:3000/headers && echo
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And you'll see output like the following:
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user-agent=[curl/7.54.0]
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accept=[*/*]
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accept-language=[en-US]
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x-foo=[bar]
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host=[localhost:3000]
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Reading Request Bodies
Web applications very often have users send data upstream, where it is then handled by the server.
Angel has built-in functionality for parsing bodies of three MIME types:
application/jsonapplication/x-www-form-urlencodedmultipart/form-data
(You can also handle others, but that's beyond the scope of this demo.)
So, as long as the user sends data in one of the above forms, we can handle it in the same way.
Add the following route. It will listen on the path
'/greet' for a POST request, and then attempt to parse the incoming request body.Afterwards, it reads the
name value from the body, and computes a greeting string.1
app.post('/greet', (req, res) async {
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await req.parseBody();
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​
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var name = req.bodyAsMap['name'] as String;
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​
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if (name == null) {
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throw AngelHttpException.badRequest(message: 'Missing name.');
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} else {
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res.write('Hello, $name!');
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}
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});
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To visit this, enter the following
curl command:1
curl -X POST -d 'name=Bob' localhost:3000/greet && echo
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You should see
Hello, Bob! appear in your terminal.Adding an Error Handler
In the previous example, you might have noticed this line:
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throw AngelHttpException.badRequest(message: 'Missing name.');
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Angel handles errors thrown while calling route handlers, preventing your server from crashing. Ultimately, all errors are wrapped in the
AngelHttpException class, or sent as-is if they are already instances of AngelHttpException.By default, either an HTML page is printed, or a JSON message is displayed (depending on the client's
Accept header). In many cases, however, you might want to do something else, i.e. rendering an error page, or logging errors through a service like Sentry.To add your own logic, set the
errorHandler of your Angel instance. It is a function that accepts 3 parameters:AngelHttpExceptionRequestContextResponseContext
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var oldErrorHandler = app.errorHandler;
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​
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app.errorHandler = (e, req, res) {
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if (e.statusCode == 400) {
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res.write('Oops! You forgot to include your name.');
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} else {
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return oldErrorHandler(e, req, res);
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}
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Note that we kept a reference to the previous error handler, so that existing logic can be reused if the case we wrote for is not handled.
To trigger a
400 Bad Request and see our error handler in action, run the following:1
curl -H 'Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded' \
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-X POST localhost:3000/greet && echo
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You will now see
'Oops! You forgot to include your name.' printed to the console.Conclusion
Congratulations on creating your first Angel server! Hopefully this is just one of many more to come.
The choice is now yours: either continue reading the other guides posted on this site, or tinker around and learn the ropes yourself.
You can find
angel_* packages on the Pub site, and read the documentation found in their respective README files:Don't forget that for discussion and support, you can either file a Github issue, or join the Gitter chat:
Last modified 2yr ago